El ayuno se ha practicado por milenios; pero solo recientemente los estudios han arrojado luces sobre su papel en respuestas celulares adaptativas que reducen el daño oxidativo la inflamación y refuerzan la protección celular.
En roedores el ayuno intermitente protege contra la diabetes, el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la neurodegeneración, mientras que en humanos ayuda a reducir obesidad,hipertensión,asma y artritis reumantoidea.
El ayuno tiene el potencial para retrasar el envejecimiento y ayudar a prevenir y tratar enfermedades. (Descamps et al. 2005). El ayuno un día a la semana retrasó la génesis del tumor espontaneo en ratones con deficiencia de la proteína supresora de tumores P53. (Berrigan et al 2002).
Se ha demostrado que el ayuno prolongado durante 2-3 días protege a los ratones de una variedad de fármacos quimioterapéuticos.
El ayuno prolongado causa también una mayor sensibilidad de las células cancerígenas a la quimioterapia, ya que fomenta un ambiente extremo en combinación con las condiciones de estrés causadas por la quimioterapia.
En contraste con las células normales que se adaptan al ayuno, las células cancerígenas son incapaces de adaptarse; un fenómeno llamado “sensibilidad al estrés diferencial” (Lee et al.2012).
Data en animales de múltiples laboratorios indican que la combinación de ciclos de ayuno con quimioterapia es alta y consistentemente efectiva en potenciar la quimioterapia.
AYUNO,INFLAMACION E HIPERTENSION.
En los seres humanos, una de las mejores demostraciones de los efectos beneficiosos del ayuno a largo plazo que dura de una a tres semanas es en el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide (AR). De acuerdo con los resultados en roedores, no hay duda de que durante el período de ayuno se reducen tanto la inflamación como el dolor en los pacientes con AR (Muller et al., 2001). Sin embargo, después de reanudar la dieta normal, la inflamación regresa a menos que el período de ayuno sea seguido por una dieta vegetariana (Kjeldsen-Kragh et al., 1991), una terapia combinada que tiene efectos beneficiosos que duran dos años o más (Kjeldsen-Kragh et al., 1994). La validez de este enfoque está respaldada por cuatro estudios controlados de forma diferente, incluidos dos ensayos aleatorios (Muller et al., 2001). Por lo tanto, el ayuno combinado con una dieta vegetariana y posiblemente con otras dietas modificadas proporciona efectos beneficiosos en el tratamiento de la AR. El ayuno intermitente también resultó en reducciones significativas en el suero ,TNFα y ceramidas en pacientes con asma durante un período de 2 meses (Johnson et al., 2007). Este último estudio mostró además que los marcadores de estrés oxidativo a menudo asociados con la inflamación (oxidación de proteínas y lípidos) se redujeron significativamente en respuesta al ayuno intermitente. Por lo tanto, para muchos pacientes capaces y dispuestos a soportar el ayuno a largo plazo y a modificar permanentemente su dieta, los ciclos de ayuno tendrían el potencial no sólo de aumentar sino también de reemplazar los tratamientos médicos existentes.
AYUNO Y FACTORES IMPLICADOS EN EL ENVEJECIMIENTO.
Los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos son consistentes con la capacidad del ayuno para retardar el proceso de envejecimiento y las enfermedades asociadas.
Entre los principales factores implicados en el envejecimiento, cuya generación se ve acelerada por estilos de vida glotones y ralentizada por la restricción energética en los seres humanos, se incluyen los siguientes 1) daño oxidativo a proteínas, ADN y lípidos; 2) inflamación; 3) acumulación de proteínas y orgánulos disfuncionales; y 4) glucosa, insulina e IGF-I elevados, aunque IGF-1 disminuye con el envejecimiento y su deficiencia severa puede estar asociada con ciertas patologías (Bishop et al., 2010; Fontana y Klein, 2007).
Los marcadores séricos de daño oxidativo e inflamación, así como los síntomas clínicos, se reducen en un período de 2 a 4 semanas en pacientes asmáticos que siguen una dieta de ayuno de un día alternativo (Johnson et al., 2007).
De manera similar, en una dieta de ayuno de 2 días/semana, las mujeres con sobrepeso en riesgo de cáncer de mama exhibían una reducción del estrés oxidativo y la inflamación (Harvie et al., 2011) y los hombres mayores exhibían reducciones en el peso y la grasa corporal, y un mejor estado de ánimo (Teng et al., 2011).
Los efectos adicionales del ayuno en las células humanas que pueden considerarse como potencialmente «antienvejecimiento» son la inhibición de la vía mTOR, la estimulación de la autofagia y la cetogénesis (Harvie et al., 2011; Sengupta et al., 2010).
AYUNO Y NEURODEGENERACION.
En comparación con ratones alimentados a libre demanda, los ratones que mantuvieron un régimen de ayuno intermitente exhibieron menos disfunción y degeneración neuronal y menos síntomas clínicos en modelos de enfermedad de Alzheimer, enfermedad de Parkinson y enfermedad de Hungtinton. (Halagappa et al 2007) (Griffioen et al 2012) (Duan et al 2003).
AYUNO Y SINDROME METABOLICO.
El síndrome metabólico definido como adiposidad abdominal combinado con resistencia a la insulina y triglicéridos elevados y/o hipertensión aumenta en gran medida el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes.
En pruebas de laboratorio, ratones mantenidos bajo el régimen habitual de alimentación a libre demanda, desarrollaron un fenotipo similar al del síndrome metabólico a medida que envejecen (Martin et al 2010).
El ayuno intermitente puede prevenir y revertir los aspectos del síndrome metabólico en ratones reduciendo la grasa abdominal, la inflamación y la presión arterial. La sensibilidad a la insulina aumenta y las capacidades funcionales de los sistemas nervioso, neuromuscular y cardiovascular mejoran (Castello et al, 2010; Wan et al 2003).
No se han realizado estudios de regímenes de ayuno en niños, personas de edad avanzada y personas con diabetes de peso inferior al normal, siendo posible que el ayuno intermitente y el ayuno prolongado sean perjudiciales para estas personas.
Los periodos de ayuno que duren más de 24 horas y en particular los que duren más de 3 o más días se deben hacer bajo la supervisión de un médico experto en el tema y evitar caer en manos de personas sin instrucción idónea y alejarse de los abordajes de tipo genérico.
Existen variaciones a la hora de abordar el ayuno como estrategia terapéutica como:
- Ayuno intermitente 5: 2(Harvie et al 2011).
- Dieta de ayuno modificada para día alterno (Johnson et al 2007).
- Fast mimic diet (V. Longo et al).
Con base en la existencia de los estudios en animales y humanos descritos, se puede concluir que existe un gran potencial para incorporar el ayuno periódico durante la vida adulta para una salud óptima y reducir el riesgo de muchas enfermedades crónicas en particular para aquellos que tienen sobrepeso y tienen hábitos sedentarios.
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